Euro Optometry and Vision Science

Pediatric ophthalmologists specialise in the development of the visual system and the diseases that interfere with visual development in children. Pediatric ophthalmologists are also knowledgeable about the various ocular diseases that affect children. Pediatric ophthalmologists are trained to perform complex eye surgery and to treat children's vision problems with glasses and medications. Due to the unique needs of children, many ophthalmologists and other physicians refer Pediatric patients to a paediatric ophthalmologist for examination and management of ocular problems. Children with head turns, head tilts, squinting of the eyes, or preferred head postures (torticollis) are typically referred to a Pediatric ophthalmologist for evaluation, in addition to children with obvious vision problems. Adults with eye movement disorders are typically seen by paediatric ophthalmologists

• Retinopathy of Prematurity
• Eye Screening
• Strabismus
• Superior Oblique Palsy
• Retinoblastoma
• Thyroid Eye Disease

Neuro-ophthalmology is the integration of neurology and ophthalmology, frequently managing complex systemic illnesses with visual manifestations. Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) includes any visual impairment caused by damage to or breakdown of the retrochiasmatic visual pathways without harm to the primary visual pathways or any significant visual ailment. Vision problems are defined as a reduced ability to view things. There are numerous types of eye problems and vision disturbances, such as myopia, halos, and blurred vision. Image sharpness will be reduced due to impaired vision or vision problems. Myasthenia gravis is caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles, resulting in double vision, hanging eyelids, and muscle weakness that affects both neuromuscular action and vision. Demonstrative instruments in Neuro-ophthalmology are used to investigate and treat various states of Neuro-ophthalmology, such as Neonatal visual examination, which is primarily performed to screen the location and movement of Retinopathy of Prematurity.

• Visual myasthenia gravis
• Optic neuropathy
• Optic neuritis
• Papilledema
• Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
• Mind tumours
• Unexplained visual misfortune
• Cerebral pains

Refractive error is the result of the eye's shape improperly bending light, which causes a blurry image. Surgery (like LASIK) can also be used to treat some refractive diseases. Corrective lenses like eyeglasses or contact lenses are frequently used to treat refractive disorders. During a typical eye exam, an eye care practitioner can identify a refractive mistake. In order to maximize a patient's vision, testing typically involves having the patient read a vision chart while using a variety of lenses. Rarely are specialized imagings or other tests required.

• Myopia
• Hyperopia
• Astigmatism
• Presbyopia

Eye disease can also be the cause of long-term vision loss if not treated promptly. In general, retinal disease has had a low need in avoiding visual deficiency programmes in developing countries. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal degenerative disease that results in a progressive loss of focal vision. Some retinal diseases include innate, static hemeralopia and a diffuse yellow or dim fundus hue. The typical shade of the fundus returns after 2 or 3 hours of total murkiness.

• Diabetic retinopathy
• Retinal Tumors
• Retinal Detachment
• Retina and Retinal Surgery

Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes do not look in the same direction at the same time. Strabismus can be caused by nerve damage or dysfunction of the muscles that control the eye. The main symptom is that both eyes do not look in the same direction at the same time. Crossed eyes are usually treatable if caught early enough. There are several treatment options available to align the eyes. They include special eyewear, the use of an eye patch, and, in rare cases, surgery.

Types

• Hypertropia is once the eye turns upwards
• Hypotropia is once the eye turns downwardly
• Esotropia is once the eye turns inwards
• Exotropia is once the eye turns outward.
• Hypertropia is once the eye turns upwards
• Hypotropia is once the eye turns downwardly
• Esotropia is once the eye turns inwards
• Exotropia is once the eye turns outward

An eye disease that may result in permanent blindness. As a result, corneal disease is investigated in order to mitigate the disease, and methods such as contact lenses and vision correction are also used to cure vision-related problems, and surgical procedures such as corneal transplantation are used to transplant the cornea. The cornea and the focal point of the eye are manipulated to focus light on the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. When light strikes the cornea, it twists or refracts the light as it approaches the focal point. The focal point refocuses that light onto the retina, where it is translated into vision. The retina converts light into electrical driving forces that travel through the optic nerve to the mind, where they are translated into pictures.

• Corneal transplantation
• Corneal neovascularization
• Corneal degeneration

Uveitis is a type of inflammation of the centre layer of the eye (uvea), which includes the iris, membrane, and choroid coat. Uveitis causes range from a simple microorganism to a complex combination of factors. From infection to severe eye injury, studies show that the presence of inflammatory disease, AIDS, or a skin condition increases the likelihood of uveitis. During this time, the inner a part of the attention turns red in colour, causing pain, blurred vision, and picture sensitivity. Prompt use of anti-bacterial medication will treat the condition; otherwise, there is a high possibility that it will cause eye disease, cataracts, and other complications.

• Anterior Uveitis
• Intermediate Uveitis
• Posterior Uveitis

Glaucoma is a type of eye disease that causes damage to the optic nerve, which transmits information from the eye to the brain. Glaucoma has no reactions in its early stages, which is why it is so dangerous when you notice problems with your vision; the disease has progressed to the point where irreversible vision and might occur. This damage is frequently caused by abnormally high eye pressure

• Angle-closure Glaucoma
• Open angle Glaucoma
• Laser Trabeculoplasty
• Bulging Eyes

Ophthalmic surgery, also known as ocular surgery, is performed in the eye by an ophthalmologist to treat a condition or disease. Corrective surgery—which is used to correct or treat a disorder—is one type of ophthalmic surgery. Phacoemulsification is a cataract surgery that modifies the internal lens of the eye. Glaucoma surgery is performed to reduce intraocular fluid production. Orbital surgery is used to treat the eyelids, orbit, and lacrimal system. Clinical ophthalmic study encompassing eye conditions, vision, medical, surgical, and optical care is known as surgery. Every treatment has its own benefits, risks, and indications for use.

• Refractive surgery
• Vision Correction Surgery
• Retinal Replacement Surgery
• Retinal Detachment Surgery
• Cataract Surgery
• Glaucoma Surgery

Macular degeneration is caused by the deterioration of the central portion of the membrane, which is the within back layer of the attention that records the images we see and sends them to the brain via the cranial nerve. The causes of degeneration are complex, but they include both heredity and environment. When yellowish spots called drusen begin to accumulate in and around the macula, dry degeneration is diagnosed. These spots are thought to be deposits or scrap from deteriorating tissue. The loss of vision caused by age-related degeneration is usually gradual and painless. Treatment for macular degeneration is dependent on whether the disease is in its early stages, dry type, or advanced, wet type, which can result in severe vision loss. There are currently no FDA-approved treatments for dry macular degeneration, though biological process intervention may help to prevent its progression to wet macular degeneration.

Ocular oncology is a highly specialised field of ophthalmology, ocular oncologists collaborate internationally. Ocular oncology is a multidisciplinary service that includes general oncologists, paediatric oncologists, specialist nurses, clinical scientists, and a variety of other specialists. Uveal and conjunctivitis melanoma, uveal metastasis, intraocular and conjunctival lymphoma, and conjunctiva carcinoma are the most common malignancies. Ocular oncologists are frequently referred patients with suspected malignant tumours, in addition to managing confirmed malignant tumours. Biomicroscopy, ultrasonography, angiography, optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence imaging, and biopsy are all used to make a diagnosis. Naevi and chorodal haemangioma are the most common benign tumours. Vasoproliferative tumours and retinal haemangioblastomas are two types of vascular tumours.

• Biochemistry of Vision
• Ocular Fluids
• Ocular Oncology
• Astigmatism
• Black eye
• Amblyopia
• Macular Oedema

Digital screens give off little or no harmful radiation (such as x-rays or UV rays). All levels of radiation from computer screens are below levels that can cause eye damage such as cataracts. Digital screens do exposure your eyes to blue light.

Ophthalmic Lenses are lenses that correct vision in people whose focal point in the eyes does not meet the retina. Plastic and glass lenses worn in glasses, contact lenses placed in direct contact with the eye, and lens implants surgically inserted into the eye to correct visual impairments are all examples. Basic ophthalmic lenses correct nearsightedness or farsightedness, depending on whether the focus point is in front of or behind the retina. They curve to adjust the focal point and precisely direct light to the retina, allowing people to focus. Other lenses may have additional features in addition to Lasers are essential surgical tools for the ophthalmologist of the twenty-first century. Surgeons can use these devices to treat vision-threatening diseases such as glaucoma.

Myopia management is a treatment programme aimed at controlling myopia and reducing your child's risk of developing vision-threatening eye diseases later in life. Myopia management has been shown to reduce myopia progression by up to 78%. Many eye doctors believe that commonly prescribed single-vision glasses and contact lenses may contribute to myopia progression.

A clouded lens is referred to as a cataract. The lens is positioned behind the eye's coloured area. Clear, sharp images are produced on the retina as a result of the lens's ability to concentrate light entering your eye. A cataract prevents a sharp image from reaching your retina by scattering and blocking light as it travels through the lens. The vision is consequently blurred. Usually, but not always, cataracts form in both eyes at the same time. There may be a variation in vision between the two eyes as a result of one eye's cataract being further along than the other.

• Nuclear cataract
• Cortical cataract
• Posterior subcapsular cataract
• Congenital cataracts 

Eye surgery, also known as visual surgery, is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa, typically by an ophthalmologist. The eye is a delicate organ that requires careful consideration before, during, and after a surgical procedure. An authority eye master is in charge of selecting the best surgical framework for the patient and implementing the necessary security and well-being precautions. Ophthalmic surgeries can be of various types, such as laser eye surgery, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, refractive surgery, corneal surgery, vitreo-retinal surgery, and so on. The anaesthesia specialist monitors the patient's cardiovascular status. Clean security measures are implemented to prepare the domain for surgery and reduce the risk of contamination. These security precautions are in addition to the use of cleaning agents such as povidone-iodine, as well as sterile window hangings, outfits, and gloves.

Nanotechnology is a novel concept that will quickly rise to the pinnacle of science and technology. It penetrates using nanometer-sized molecules and has proven useful in space, medicine, and other scientific fields. The eye is an ideal target for nanotechnology because it is a small organ that can be easily accessed due to its exposed location. The "discovery of nanomedicines" appears to have "reawakened huge aspirations for ophthalmic pharmacotherapy, in which nanostructured drugs are predicted to pass through the eye's limiting barriers." Safe manufacturing procedures and unanticipated biological consequences of nanomaterial use continue to be barriers to nanotechnology adoption. These obstacles are not insurmountable, and this emerging industry is likely to produce novel treatments for ocular disorders.

• Nanomedicine,
• Nanopharmaceuticals,
• Nanostructured Drugs

Vision rehabilitation is a term for a medical rehabilitation to improve vision or low vision. In other words, it is the process of restoring functional ability and improving quality of life and independence in an individual who has lost visual function through illness or injury. Most visual restoration administrations are centered on low vision, which is a visual weakness that can't be completely revised by customary eyeglasses, contact focal points, drugs, or medical procedures. Low vision meddles with the capacity to perform ordinary exercises.

Artificial intelligence (AI) based on deep learning (DL) ) has attracted a lot of attention internationally recently. DL is only now starting to have an impact on healthcare. DL has been widely embraced in image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language processing. To detect diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, the glaucoma-like disc, macular oedema, and age-related macular degeneration, DL has been used to fundus images, optical coherence tomography, and visual fields in ophthalmology.  For patients in primary care and community settings, using DL in ocular imaging in conjunction with telemedicine may be a viable option for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring major eye diseases.

• Fundus Photographs
• Optical Coherence
• Tomography and Visual Field
• Ocular Imaging