5^th International Conference & Expo on Euro Optometry and Vision Science May 27-28, 2020 Rome, Italy

Retina: Thin layer of tissue on the inside back wall of your eye. It contains millions of light sensitive cells and nerve cells that receive and organize visual information. Our retina sends this information to your brain through your optic nerve, enabling you to see. Retinal degenerative disorders include Age-related macular degeneration and Myopic macular degeneration affecting young and old from many cultures, races and ethnicities. The diseases like Diabetic retinopathy and Retinal tumors can also be responsible for the permanent vision loss if it is not treated on time.

Glaucoma is a gathering of related eye issue that reason harm to the optic nerve that conveys data from the eye to the cerebrum. In its beginning times, glaucoma ordinarily has no side effects, which is the thing that makes it so hazardous, when you see issues with your sight, the illness has advanced to the point that irreversible vision misfortune has just happened and extra misfortune might be hard to stop. By and large, glaucoma is related with higher-than-ordinary weight inside the eye - a condition called visual hypertension. Be that as it may, it can happen when intraocular weight (IOP) is typical. Glaucoma first causes fringe vision misfortune and in the end can prompt visual deficiency.

The cornea is the reasonable tissue at the upfront of the eye. Its straight forwardness allows light to go into the eye, through the understudy and onto the retina at the back of the eye. The three noteworthy corneal layers are the external layer of the cornea or epithelial layer, the center layer named the stroma, a solitary layer of cells called the endothelium. The ebb and flow of the cornea assumes an essential part in centering light. The typical cornea is smooth, clear, and extreme. It shields the eye from contamination and outside material.

Paediatric Optometry is a subspecialty of ophthalmology that concentrates on treating the various eye problems affecting children. Studies show that a lot of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and learning issues in children can be attributed to vision problems. Strabismus is a visual problem in which the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions. One eye may look straight ahead, while the other eye turns inward, outward, upward, or downward. Children experience more changes in bodies and vision while growing. Thus it is recommended for testing the baby's eyes between ages 6 months to one year and especially if the child was born prematurely or it has a lazy eye or crossed eyes or there is a family history of eye disease.

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome which is characterised by elevated intracranial pressure around the brain in the absence of any neural diseases. It is a rare disorder which usually occurs in children and obese women during the childbearing stages. The increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid can cause optic nerve damage and swelling, which is a condition called papilledema. The main symptoms include sever head ache, optic atrophy, and eventually leads to blindness. Since the symptoms closely matches to brain tumour, it is partially known as “pseudotumour cerebri”, meaning “false brain tumour”.

Ocular biochemistry details in research on biochemical, immunological and genetic aspects of the eye diseases. Proteins that are unique to the eye and have special functions in the eye, such as collagen's role in the structure of the cornea, emphasize the importance of these compounds and their ocular functions, lipids that exist in the eye, neurochemistry etc are also discussed.

Ocular microbiology details advancements in molecular biology and pave way for better understanding of ocular diseases. The field of infectious diseases are rapid, thus many opportunistic pathogenic agents are increasingly found in ocular infections due to widespread use of topical and systemic immunosuppressive agent. These opportunistic pathogens cause ocular infections due to continuous use of contact lens. The dreadful cataract extraction and lens implantation often are mainly caused by these opportunistic pathogens. The acute infections of the external eye are caused by a vivid range of microbial pathogens.

The vision disorders are refractive errors, more commonly referred as near-sightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism and presbyopia. When the shape of eye prevents light from focusing directly on to retina leads to refractive errors. The eyeball length, corneal shape change, or lens aging causes refractive errors. Anisocoria is characterized by an unequal eyes' pupil size. Astigmatism is a vision condition that causes blurred vision occurring when the cornea is irregularly shaped and sometimes because of the curvature of the eye lens inside. 

Several diseases affect the eye, either directly or indirectly. These conditions require urgent professional care to preserve the vision. The common types of the eye diseases are pink eyes, styes and chalazia etc. Pink eye is an infection of the transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white region of the eyeball. It is commonly caused by the bacterial and viral infection, or an allergic reaction and it iscontagious. Styes and Chalazia, two common conditions that affect the eyelids. A chalazion causes blockage of the small oil producing glands (meibomian glands) that found in the upper and lower eyelids. Styes are infections or abscesses of the eyelid gland near an eyelash root or follicle.

A visual testing of a patient's iris is to make a diagnosis. Iris abnormalities caused  from trauma, infection, neoplasm and genetic reasons. The iris structure is composed of connective tissue and blood vessels that lies anterior to lens. The central opening of the iris denotes the pupil. The color of iris is determined by pigmented cells lies in the stroma. Pigment accumulate in these cells during the first year of life, and the color of  iris often changes during times. The posterior layer of  iris is deeply pigmented. It also extends slightly onto the anterior surface of the pupil.

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems is a therapeutic ocular delivery system for the inert care of the eye. These are commonly described to the oral eye drop, solubility ointment. These drug delivery system for the treatment of vision-threatening diseases. These systems are mostly targeted in the anterior segment of the eye. Nowadays, these are also used during the retina surgery and other eye operation section. Drug delivery is the important remedy for the eye before and after the operating and other disease infections.

Ocular surgery always progresses along the advancement of science advances. New emerging technologies in laser enhance the surgeries. When the natural lens of your eye becomes cloudy due to age it’s known as cataract. It can be replaced with an artificial lens implant. An ophthalmologist prefers surgical instruments and ultrasound power to replace the eye's cloudy lens. The surgeons are dealing in such tiny spaces in the eye, they depend on lasers not blades, for improved precision, though lasers have been used only for other eye surgeries, such as vision correction (LASIK) surgery.

Eradicating ocular melanoma is done by radiation and surgerical method. The common  radiation therapy used  to treat ocular melanoma is called plaque radiation therapy. A disk attached with radioactive seeds, called plaque is placed directly on the wall of the eye lying next to the tumor. Treatment options will vary based on the location and size of the melanoma and health. Melanoma on the eyesurface is treated with chemotherapy eye drops, freezing treatment, and radiation.

Veterinary vision is an ophthalmic practice providing care for companion animals. The veterinarians are treating dogs, cats and other small animals including rabbits, chinchillas, birds and reptiles, Horses and other farm animals. Some veterinary eye diseases are given below.

Ophthalmologic surgery is a surgical procedure performed on eye or any part of the eye. Surgery on the eye is routinely performed to repair retinal defects and to remove cataracts or cancer, or to repair eye muscles. The most common purpose of ophthalmologic surgery is to restore or improve vision. There are several types of ophthalmic surgeries for various eye conditions. There will be some conditions that might call for eye surgery, from corrective changes to vision sparing strategies by surgeons. Ophthalmology Surgery is the clinical ophthalmic research involving eye disorders, vision, medical, surgical and optical care. Every treatment accompanies its own advantages, dangers, and signs for use. From restorative medications to orbital inserts, today's headways can handle every condition and practitioner give an effective arrangement.

Ophthalmic hereditary qualities are worried about the hereditary commitment to ophthalmic illness, including assurance of examples and dangers of legacy, and in addition finding, visualization, and advancement of medications for hereditary variations from the norm. The advances in gene therapy maintain extensive promise for the cure of ophthalmic conditions. Gene therapy is additionally in a position to deal with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in animal models, and research show it is economically viable. Genes may additionally be delivered into cells in vitro or in vivo making use of viral or non-viral vectors. Recent technical advances have led to the demonstration of the molecular basis of a range of ocular diseases.

Ophthalmic Lens is a lens which corrects the vision in a person where the focal point in the eyes does not hit the retina. They come in a variety of forms including plastic and glass lenses worn in glasses, contact lenses placed in direct contact with the eye, and lens implants surgically inserted into the eye to correct visual impairments. Basic ophthalmic lenses correct for near- or farsightedness, where the focus point lies in front of or behind the retina. They curve to adjust the focal point and let light hit the retina precisely, allowing people to focus. Other lenses can have additional features.

Lasers are a stimulated emission of monochromatic, highly energised light source used for treating the vision disorders. Lasers are coherent in nature and can be sharply focused on to the damaged part of the eye. An increased understanding of laser-tissue interactions in ophthalmology has led to the use of lasers in treating a wide spectrum of diseases involving both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Lasers provide a way better to treat the vision disorders.

Diagnostic imaging techniques gains tremendous importance in the examining ocular and orbital disease. The diagnostic imaging, with special focus directed toward the advanced modalities is important in evaluation of the traumatized eye. Advances made in diagnostic and imaging techniques within the years have revolutionized the field, and helps in management of many ophthalmic diseases. The basic tools of refractive surgery are Wavefront and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).

Any eye disorder detection is mainly done with the help of technology. The eye is a very sensitive organ, and the inner diagnoses of the eye cannot be done with the help of technology. Therefore, the innovation in the eye is very important for detection and treatment of eye defects. In this fast-growing technology world, there are millions of innovations and ideas. Innovation in eye helps the blind people to see the world according to their desire. Eye care helps us to know the vision needs. It indicates comprehensive eye care goes beyond a prescription for glasses or contact lenses.

The eyes are more exact witnesses than the ears". While this may not be totally valid, there's no preventing the significance from claiming your vision. Sadly, similar to the case is with every single other organ in your body, your eyes are likewise inclined to different conditions that can cause crumbling of visual perception or finish vision misfortune. To those of us favoured with great or even poor vision, the possibility of finish vision misfortune can appear to be scary or astonishing. This is the reason eye activities and herbs to enhance visual perception have turned out to be so prevalent lately.

Our eyes have muscles and they can get sore when held in one position for too long, just like any other muscle of the body. Give your eye muscles a break and you will be very grateful over the years. By doing even a few of these exercises you may well increase Our productivity, eliminate headaches and errors, and even reduce your risk of glaucoma. And you don’t even have to take time off for these exercises so a busy schedule should be no excuse.

Our eyes are an important part of your health. There are many things you can do to keep them healthy and make sure you are seeing your best. Follow these simple steps for maintaining healthy eyes well into your golden years.

Ophthalmic photography is a highly specialized form of medical imaging dedicated to the study and treatment of disorders of the eye. It covers a very broad scope of photographic services incorporating many aspects of commercial and medical photography. But it is through the use of highly specialized equipment used to document parts of the eye like the cornea, iris, and retina, that ophthalmic photography takes on it's true identity.

In ophthalmology, diagnosis is the major important part for deciding the treatment for the patients. Only through the proper instrumentation technique, this is achieved. The posterior part of the eye consists of vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. These are viewed using the proper Instruments. Mostly for retinal analysis, optical coherence tomography(OCT) is used. OCT is an imaging technique used for viewing the eye in Two- and Three- Dimensions and for capturing the micrometre resolutions. This is the most important and emerging technologies in the diagnosis because of its easy prediction, Non-invasive technique, less strain and time consumption technique. There are many instruments specially designed for the detection of the eye problems and for the rectification.